Blog # 1Borgmann and Illich Chapter

Borgmann provides readers an interesting and intuitive out look on the importance of the written word. These chapters emphasize the power of language not only to inspire, but also to allow for seemingly unreachable goals and aspirations to become a viable reality. Borgmann views the book as a crucial passage for unorganized, incomprehensible ideas to be conveyed logically and effectively to the public. Books encompass forms of "instructions" for life or how to do something according to Borgmann. However, human beings must use these literary devices to put these plans into action. The written word can be interpreted differently depending on the person, and reactivity to literature is a personal responsibility. Borgmann also presents written language as a form of technology due to its continuous improvement and refinement, and how it has expanded and enriched human culture. The written word can be broken down, analyzed, and translated. Through the centuries word has evolved from primarily being read aloud to being a private and silent practice. Intelligence is required to be able to determine the underlying meaning behind the printed page.

While Borgmann provides a more abstract passage on the deep meaning behind literature, Illich takes a more direst approach. Illich focuses on tracking developments and new technologies which have been produced throughout the existence of mankind. Beginning with the creation of the Phoenician alphabet to the Greeks prefection of the alphabet into the modern form. Also covered in these chapters are the the introduction of the stylus, parchment by the Egyptians, ink, wax tablets, and the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg and their specific effects on writing. Illich describes how Hugh's masterpiece Didascalicon caused the transformation from oral to silent reading. Beginning with the Bible, literature continues to evolve as the editing process, the glossary, the index, use of titles, summaries, and quotations making book easier for the public to read. Eventually authors began to create their own work rather than editing works of previous generations. Lastly the portable book and a mechanical way of producing text would prove to be the most influential inventions catalyzing modern literature.